How To Use Hair Color Developer

Practise of changing the hair color

A hairdresser colors a client'south pilus.

Hair coloring, or hair dyeing, is the exercise of changing the pilus color. The main reasons for this are corrective: to cover grey or white pilus, to change to a colour regarded equally more fashionable or desirable, or to restore the original hair colour afterwards it has been discolored by hairdressing processes or sun bleaching.

Hair coloring can be washed professionally by a hairdresser or independently at dwelling house. Today, hair coloring is very popular, with 75% of women^[1] and xviii% of men living in Copenhagen having reported using hair dye (according to a report by the University of Copenhagen). At-home coloring in the Usa reached $ane.nine billion in 2011 and was expected to rise to $2.2 billion by 2016.

History [edit]

Diodorus Siculus, a Greek historian, described in detail how Celtic people dyed their pilus blonde: "Their aspect is terrifying... They are very tall in stature, with rippling muscles under clear white skin. Their hair is blond, but not naturally so: they bleach information technology, to this day, artificially, washing it in lime and combing it back from their foreheads. They look similar wood-demons, their hair thick and shaggy like a equus caballus'southward mane. Some of them are make clean-shaven, merely others—peculiarly those of loftier rank—shave their cheeks but leave a moustache that covers the whole oral fissure...".^{[2] [3]}

The dyeing of pilus is an ancient art that involves treatment of the pilus with various chemical compounds. In ancient times, the dyes were obtained from plants.^[iv] Some of the well-nigh well known are henna (Lawsonia inermis), indigo dye, Cassia obovata, senna, turmeric and amla. Others include katam (buxus dioica), black walnut hulls, ruddy ochre and leeks.^[five] In the 1661 volume Eighteen Books of the Secrets of Art & Nature, various methods of coloring hair black, gold, green, red, yellowish, and white are explained.^[6] The development of constructed dyes for pilus is traced to the 1860s discovery of the reactivity of para-phenylenediamine (PPD) with air.^[7] Eugène Schueller, the founder of L'Oréal, is recognized for creating the first synthetic hair dye in 1907.^[8] In 1947 the High german cosmetics house Schwarzkopf launched the starting time home color production, "Poly Color".^[ix] Hair dyeing is now a multibillion-dollar industry that involves the use of both plant-derived and synthetic dyes.^[ten]

Awarding techniques [edit]

Off-scalp [edit]

Hair with blonde highlights

Pilus color was traditionally applied to the hair as one overall colour. The mod trend is to employ several colors to produce streaks or gradations, merely non all work on top of a single base colour. These are referred to equally:

• Highlighting, where sections of pilus are treated with lighteners
• Lowlighting, where sections of hair are treated with darker pilus colors
• Splashlighting a horizontal band of bleached pilus from ear to ear

There are as well newer coloring techniques such as ombré, shatush, balayage, airtouch, in which hair is night on the crown and bit by bit becomes lighter toward the ends.

These are off-the-scalp techniques, and can be practical past the following methods:

• Foiling, where pieces of foil or plastic motion picture are used to divide the hair to be colored. Employed especially when more than 1 color is to be applied, this method ensures that only the desired hair strands are colored, and the remainder spared.
• Cap, when a plastic cap is placed tightly on the caput and strands are pulled through with a hook, a method infrequently practiced other than for applying highlights to short pilus.
• Balayage, where pilus color is painted straight onto sections of the hair with no foils used to keep the color contained, a method growing in popularity due to its observed upshot of appearing more natural. The difference betwixt balayage and ombré is that a balayage requires more than precise mitt-painting sections of hair and typically costs more.
• Dipping or tip dyeing, similar to balayage in that the color is painted directly on the hair, resulting in a more uniform color coverage on hair ends.^[11]

All coloring techniques tin be used with whatsoever type of color. For lightening, the pilus sometimes has to be bleached before coloring.

On-scalp [edit]

Pilus coloring tin can also be applied on the scalp for a more solid level of coverage

• Root bear upon-upwards, where color is applied only to the nigh recent department of re-growth (usually the first inch of pilus nearest the scalp) Root touch-ups are repeated every iv–6 weeks equally the natural color grows in and becomes apparent. People who color their hair to disguise gray oft accept these root touch-ups.
• All-over color, where the person wants all of their pilus to be a different solid color
• Block coloring, where the person wants two or more colors applied to their pilus, resulting in dimension and contrast

All coloring techniques tin can be used with any type of color. For lightening, the hair sometimes has to exist bleached before coloring.

Types [edit]

The four almost common classifications are permanent, demi-permanent (sometimes chosen deposit only), semi-permanent, and temporary.^[7]

Permanent [edit]

Permanent hair colour generally contains ammonia and must exist mixed with a developer or oxidizing agent in society to permanently change pilus color. Ammonia is used in permanent hair color to open the cuticle layer so that the developer and colorants together tin can penetrate into the cortex.^[12] The developer, or oxidizing agent, comes in various volumes. The higher the programmer volume, the higher the "lift" will be of a person's natural pilus pigment. Someone with dark pilus wishing to achieve 2 or 3 shades lighter may need a higher programmer whereas someone with lighter pilus wishing to achieve darker hair will not need one as high. Timing may vary with permanent pilus coloring but is typically 30 minutes or 45 minutes for those wishing to achieve maximum color change.

Demi-permanent [edit]

(24±4 shampoos typically) Demi-permanent is hair coloring that contains an alkaline agent (e.g. ethanolamine, sodium carbonate) other than ammonia, and while always employed with a developer, the concentration of hydrogen peroxide in that programmer may be lower than used with a permanent pilus color. These products provide almost no lightening of hair'southward color during dyeing, since the alkaline agents employed in demi-permanent colors are less effective in removing the natural paint of hair than ammonia. As the consequence, they cannot color hair to a lighter shade than it was before dyeing and are less damaging to hair than their permanent counterpart.

Demi-permanents are much more effective at covering greyness hair than semi-permanents, just less and so than permanents.

Demi-permanents take several advantages as compared with permanent color. Because in that location is substantially no lifting (i.e., removal) of natural hair color, the final colour is less uniform/homogeneous than a permanent and therefore more natural looking; they are gentler on hair and therefore safer, especially for damaged hair; and they wash out over time (typically twenty to 28 shampoos), and so root regrowth is less noticeable and if a modify of color is desired, it is easier to achieve. Demi-permanent hair colors are not permanent but the darker shades in particular may persist longer than indicated on the packet.

Semi-permanent [edit]

(6±2 shampoos typically) Semi-permanent hair coloring cannot lighten the hair either; Considering information technology involves no programmer (hydrogen peroxide) or ammonia, it is thus less damaging to hair strands than their demi-permanent analogue.

There will be subtle variations in shade across the unabridged head, because of hair's color and porosity along the length of a pilus strand. The final color of each strand of hair will depend on its original color and porosity. This variation gives a more natural looking result than the solid all over color of a permanent. Because gray or white hairs have a different starting colour than other pilus, they will non appear equally the aforementioned shade as the balance of the hair when treated with semi-permanent color. If in that location are simply minimal greyness/white hairs, the result will usually be enough for them to blend in, but as the gray spreads, there will come up a betoken where it volition not be disguised as well. In this example, the move to demi-permanent as a base can be used sometimes adding highlights, to filibuster permanent coloring.

Semi-permanent hair colour uses compounds of lower molecular weight than are institute in temporary pilus color dyes. These dyes are simply able to wedge under the cuticle layer of the hair shaft only. For this reason, the color will survive limited washing, typically 4–8 shampoos.

Semi-permanents may still contain the suspected carcinogen p-phenylenediamine (PPD) or other related colorant carcinogens. The U.S. Ecology Protection Agency reported chronic exposure to PPD in the diet of rats and mice depressed trunk weight of the animals, with no other clinical signs of toxicity observed in several studies.^[13]

Temporary colour [edit]

Temporary hair color is available in diverse forms including rinses, shampoos, gels, sprays, and foams. Temporary hair color is typically brighter and more vibrant than semi-permanent and permanent hair color. Information technology is most ofttimes used to color hair for special occasions such equally Christmas and Halloween costume parties.

The pigments in temporary hair colour are high molecular weight and cannot penetrate the cuticle layer. The color particles remain adsorbed (closely adherent) to the surface of the pilus shaft and are easily removed with a single shampooing. Temporary hair color can persist on hair that is excessively dry or damaged in a way that allows for migration of the paint to the interior of the hair shaft.

Culling color [edit]

A person's hair beingness colored calorie-free-blue and his beard being colored dark-blue respectively

Culling pilus coloring products are designed to create hair colors not typically found in nature. These are too referred to as "vivid color" in the hairstyling industry. The available colors are various, such as the colors green and fuchsia. Permanent alternatives in some colors are bachelor. More recently, blacklight-reactive hair dyes have been brought to market that fluoresce under blacklights, such every bit those often used at nightclubs.

The chemical formulae of alternative colour dyes typically contain but tint and have no developer. This means that they will merely create the bright color of the bundle if they are applied to light blond pilus. Darker hair (medium chocolate-brown to black) would need to be bleached in order for these pigment applications to take to the hair desirably. Some types of fair hair may as well take vivid colors more fully after bleaching. Gold, yellow and orange undertones in hair that has non been lightened enough can muddied the final pilus colour, peculiarly with pink, blueish and greenish dyes. Although some alternative colors are semi-permanent, such every bit blue and purple, information technology could take several months to fully launder the color from bleached or pre-lightened hair.

Pilus bleaching [edit]

Hair is given a lighter color past bleaching information technology. Melanin pigments, which give pilus a darker color, can be broken downwardly with oxidation.^[14] The oxidizing agent used to bleach pilus is hydrogen peroxide.^[14] Information technology is mixed with ammonia to create an alkaline solution and to speed up the reaction.^[14] When melanin is oxidized, oxygen gas is released.^[xiv]

Products for bleaching one's hair at dwelling house usually incorporate a half-dozen% solution of hydrogen peroxide, while products for employ in a hair salon can contain up to 9%.^[14]

Peroxide bleached hair tin can have undesirable brassy or yellow hue. A product known as a toner is used to slightly alter the hair color'due south undertones.^[fifteen] Purple shampoo (shampoo with regal coloring agents) tin also exist used to counteract brassy undertones.^[sixteen]

Maintaining pilus color [edit]

At that place are many ways that people can maintain their hair color, such as:

• Using color-protecting shampoos and conditioners
• Using sulfate-free shampoo
• Using regal shampoos and conditioners to maintain or enhance the blond color in their hair
• Using leave-in treatments with UV absorbents
• Getting deep-conditioning treatments to smooth and add luster
• Avoiding chlorine
• Using rut protecting products earlier using styling appliances

Adverse effects [edit]

Hair coloring involves the use of chemicals capable of removing, replacing, and/or roofing up pigments naturally found inside the hair shaft. Use of these chemicals can result in a range of adverse effects, including temporary pare irritation and allergy, hair breakage, skin discoloration and unexpected hair colour results. Co-ordinate to the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), in vitro and in vivo studies (in exposed human populations) accept shown that some hair dyes and many chemicals used in the pilus dyeing process can be considered mutagenic and carcinogenic.^{[17] [18]}

Peel irritation and allergy [edit]

In certain individuals, the use of pilus coloring can effect in allergic reactions and/or peel irritation. Individuals allergic to gluten for example, will need to exist cautious when purchasing hair color since sure hair dye includes gluten. Gluten does not need to be ingested for it to cause an allergy. Pare contact with gluten may crusade a reaction; therefore, leading to an allergy. Symptoms of these reactions can include redness, sores, itching, burning awareness and discomfort. Symptoms will sometimes non be apparent immediately following the awarding and processing of the tint, just can besides arise after hours or even a day later.

To assist prevent or limit allergic reactions, the majority of hair color products recommend that the client deport a patch test earlier using the product. This involves mixing a small quantity of tint training and applying it directly to the skin for a period of 48 hours. If irritation develops, manufacturers recommend that the customer not employ the product.

European dermatologists have, however, strongly brash against such pre-use testing, as information technology entails additional sensitisation (allergy) risk and the interpretation by lay people may not exist sufficiently accurate.^[19]

Skin discoloration [edit]

Pare and fingernails are made of a like blazon of keratinized protein equally hair. That means that drips, slips and actress pilus tint around the hairline can result in patches of discolored skin. This is more common with darker hair colors and persons with dry absorbent skin. That is why it is recommended that latex or nitrile gloves exist worn to protect the hands.

This discoloration volition disappear every bit the peel naturally renews itself and the pinnacle layer of skin is removed (typically takes a few days or at nearly a week). Ways of preventing skin discoloration are to vesture latex or nitrile gloves to protect the hands and besides by applying a thin layer of petroleum jelly or oil-based preparation around the hairline. Gentle abrasives such as moist blistering soda or a pocket-sized amount of toothpaste practical with a toothbrush may also help remove the uppermost layer of skin and dye (neither removes just the dye). Acetone and nail polish remover are non considered effective; laundry detergent may sometimes work equally may moist cigarette ash rubbed into the stained area.^[20]

Unintended results [edit]

Several factors influence the concluding color of the hair following the coloring process.

• For semi-permanent and demi-permanent colour, the final color is a alloy of the natural color of the pilus and the dye color.
• Bleached pilus will often require pre-pigmentation before a color application. Dyeing bleached hair brown tin result in grey or very ashy (greyness sheen) hair.
• Previously color treated hair can react unpredictably with subsequent colour treatments.
• Previous employ of shampoos which eolith a layer of plastic on the hair can block the action of the dye.
• Presence of minerals, salts, chlorine or other contaminants in the water used in the coloring process
• Certain prescription drugs can modify hair chemistry
• Coloring dark hair to achieve a desirable shade of blond requires bleaching, followed by a secondary color handling. Bleached pilus can still take a xanthous or coppery shade. A violet-based color tin cancel out xanthous tones, and a blue-based shade volition abolish out coppery orange.
• Porosity of hair can affect the concluding shade. Porous hair often absorbs more color, which sometimes results darker than expected

Health concerns [edit]

• The salt lead acetate (formerly the agile ingredient in gradual darkening products such as Grecian formula) is toxic.^{[21] [22] [23]} Atomic number 82 acetate trihydrate has as well been shown to cause reproductive toxicity.^[24]
• Manufactures link the development of some forms of cancer (including leukemia, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, float cancer, blood cancer, and multiple myeloma) with use of pilus color.^{[25] [26]} More than specifically, prolonged employ of permanent night hair dyes tin double a person's risk of getting some types of blood cancer.^[27]
• In 2004 a known human carcinogen, iv-aminobiphenyl or four-ABP, was establish in some commercial hair dyes.^[27] However, evidence is limited and inconsistent for the link between cancer from hair dye.^[28]
• Phenylenediamine is known to crusade health concerns, such as skin irritation. Exposure to phenylenediamine can occur during manufacturing or during the use of hair dyes. According to the Product Prophylactic Summary Canvas by DuPont, Para-Phenyenediamine (PPD) is labeled as toxic and can cause adverse effects on aquatic organisms and could cause long-term effects in aquatic environments.^[29]

In October 2017, the leading breast surgeon Professor Kefah Mokbel published a meta-analysis showing that use of hair dyes might increase the adventure of developing breast cancer by 20% among users.^[xxx]

Chemistry of permanent pilus coloring [edit]

Permanent hair coloring requires iii components: (one) i,4-diaminobenzene (historically) or 2,v-diaminotoluene (currently), (two) a coupling agent, and (3) an oxidant. The process is typically performed under bones weather. The mechanism of oxidation dyes involves three steps:^[seven] 1) Oxidation of 1,4-diaminobenzene derivative to the quinone state. 2) Reaction of this diimine with a coupler compound (more detail below). 3) Oxidation of the resulting compound to give the concluding dye.

The grooming (dye precursors) is in the leuco (colorless) class. Oxidizing agents are ordinarily hydrogen peroxide, and the alkaline surroundings is usually provided by ammonia. The combination of hydrogen peroxide and ammonia causes the natural hair to exist lightened, providing a "blank canvass" for the dye. Ammonia opens the pilus shaft pores so that the dye can actually diffuse inside the fiber. These dye intermediates and coupler compounds can undergo oxidation and coupling reaction every bit shown in the scheme below to form high molecular weight products, which are trapped in the pilus matrix and cannot be readily removed through washing.

Various combinations of primary intermediates and coupler compounds provide a spectrum of shades of hair colors. The chief intermediates are aromatic para compounds, such as 1,iv-diaminobenzene or four-aminophenol. The coupler compounds (couplers) are meta-substituted derivatives of aniline. They come in 3 major classes based on the colour that they produce when they react with the master intermediate.

Couplers are chemical compounds that define the color of the pilus dye. Shown hither are three red couplers (A, B, C), ii yellow-green couplers (D, Due east) and a bluish coupler (F).

• Blue couplers include 1,three-diaminobenzene and its derivatives.
• Cherry couplers include phenols and naphthols, such as 3-aminophenol (CAS#591-27-v), 5-amino-2-methylphenol (CAS#2835-95-2) and i-naphthol (CAS#ninety-fifteen-3). The combination of 2,five-diaminotoluene with the coupler 3-aminophenol gives a magenta-brown dye, while the combination of 2,5-diaminotoluene with the coupler 1-naphthol gives a purple dye.
• Yellowish-greenish couplers include resorcinol, 4-chlororesorcinol, and benzodioxoles. These compounds produce broad-band absorption when they react to form dyes, assuasive for more than natural-looking hair colors. The combination of two,five-diaminotoluene with the coupler resorcinol gives a greenish brown dye.

The first pace shows the oxidation of p-phenylenediamine to the quinonediimine (C₆H_four(NH)₂):

This species exists in equilibrium with the monoprotonated class (C_viH₄(NH)(NH₂)⁺) (not shown). The second stride involves the attack of this quinonediimine on the coupler. In organic chemistry, this reaction is called electrophilic effluvious commutation:

In the third and last stride, the product from the quinonediimine-coupler reaction oxidizes to the final pilus dye.

It was once believed that the dye forms in the above reaction bonds to hair permanently.^[vii] It was later shown that the main reason that this reaction imparts a permanent color on hair is that information technology produces larger dye molecules, which is locked inside the hair.^[31]

Institute-based dyes [edit]

Henna is an orange dye ordinarily used every bit a eolith-only hair colour whose agile component, lawsone, binds to keratin. Information technology is therefore considered semi-permanent to permanent, depending on a person'southward pilus type. Most people will achieve a permanent colour from henna, especially after the second dye. With repeated use the orangish color builds up into cerise so auburn. While "natural" henna is mostly a red color, variations be. These variations commonly contain ingredients from other plants and even synthetic dyes.

Indigo is natural dye from a plant (Indigofera tinctoria, I. suffructicosa, or I. arrecta) that can be added to henna or layered on tiptop of it to create brown to blackness colors in the hair. Henna is orange, and indigo is blue, so equally complementaries on a standard colour wheel, the two colors' combined effect is to create brownish tones. Similar henna, indigo may fade afterward i application, but it becomes permanent on the pilus with repeated employ.

Using a plant-based color such as henna can crusade problems later when trying to do a perm or permanent hair color. Some store-bought henna contains metallic salts which reacts to hydrogen peroxide that is used in hair lightening. This may lead to unpredictable results, such equally green or blue tones in the hair. Henna is a salubrious way to color hair, as long equally no metallic salts are used.

In 2018, a system for making semi-permanent hair dyes from renewable waste blackcurrant (Ribes nigrum 50.) fruit skins from the fruit pressing industry was developed. Anthocyanin pigments were extracted from the blackcurrant skin waste product^[32] and formulated into hair dyes. The dyes showed high buildup on hair and gave an intense blue color, which was stable to multiple washes.^[33]

Legal restrictions [edit]

Hair dyes are corrective compounds that make contact with the peel during application. Considering of this skin contact, in that location exists some health risk associated with use of hair dyes.^[34] Thus, hair dyes are regulated in the commercial marketplace and, as new toxicity data is generated for some pilus dyes and wellness risks are discovered, some of these pilus dyes are being legally restricted from the corrective marketplace.

The European union is especially stringent with regard to health regulations. To ensure that hair dyes contain but prophylactic substances, the European Commission adopted the Directive 2012/21/European union to restrict the use of around 45 chemicals in hair dyes.^[35] The directive on dyes is part of a general and comprehensive set up of regulations, the EU Cosmetics Directive 76/768/EC.

Religion [edit]

For Muslims, if a man is not of avant-garde historic period, there is no harm in his using black dye. Some of the early Muslims, including some sahabah, permitted the use of black dye.^[36] As narrated in a hadith, the best thing with which to dye gray hair is henna and katam (a institute from Republic of yemen which colors it black tinged with cerise).

Come across too [edit]

• Human physical appearance
• Hairstyle
• Pilus highlighting
• Punk mode
• Chapatsu

References [edit]

1. ^ Vedel-Krogh, Signe; Nielsen, Sune F.; Schnohr, Peter; Nordestgaard, Børge Chiliad. (2016). "Morbidity and Bloodshed in seven,684 Women Co-ordinate to Personal Hair Dye Use: The Copenhagen City Heart Study followed for 37 Years". PLOS ONE. 11 (3): e0151636. Bibcode:2016PLoSO..1151636V. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0151636. PMC4795553. PMID 26986063.
2. ^ "The Celts". www.ibiblio.org . Retrieved 27 March 2018.
3. ^ "Diodorus Siculus, Library of History - Exploring Celtic Civilizations". exploringcelticciv.spider web.unc.edu . Retrieved 27 March 2018.
4. ^ Corbett, J. F. Hair Colorants: Chemistry and Toxicology; Micelle Press: Dorset, U.K., 1998; Thompson, R. H. "Naturally Occurring Quinones" Academic Printing: New York, 1957.
5. ^ BBC. "BBC - Radio 4 Woman's Hour -The History of Hair Dye".
6. ^ Wecker, Johann Jacob (1661). Eighteen Books of the Secrets of Art & Nature. pp. 82–84.
7. ^ ^{a b c d} "Hair Preparations," Ullmann'southward Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemical science. Wiley-VCH, Weinheim (2006). doi:x.1002/14356007.a12_571.pub2
8. ^ Arrow, Sally (May 1, 2005). The Artifice of Beauty: A History and Practical Guide to Perfume and Cosmetics. The History Press. ISBN978-0750938877.
9. ^ "Schwarzkopf >COMPANY >History Milestones of success". Archived from the original on 2015-02-17. Retrieved 2015-01-fourteen .
10. ^ Morel, Olivier J. X.; Christie, Robert M. (2011). "Electric current Trends in the Chemistry of Permanent Pilus Dyeing". Chemical Reviews. 111 (4): 2537–2561. doi:10.1021/cr1000145. PMID 21265503.
11. ^ Wilson, Cynthia (6 August 2012). "Dip-Dye Hair Coloring Tutorial and Styles". Womenio. Retrieved half dozen Oct 2012.
12. ^ "Hair Color 101: Permanent Pilus Color from Clairol Professional". www.clairolpro.com . Retrieved 2015-10-26 .
13. ^ p-Phenylenediamine, U.Southward. Ecology Protection Agency
14. ^ ^{a b c d east} Zoe Diana Draelos (29 Dec 2004). Pilus Care: An Illustrated Dermatologic Handbook. CRC Press. pp. 132–. ISBN978-0-203-31424-one.
15. ^ "Hair Toner 101: Everything Yous Need to Know". John Frieda . Retrieved 2021-03-03 . {{cite spider web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
16. ^ Amy J. McMichael; Maria Yard. Hordinsky (30 May 2018). Pilus and Scalp Disorders: Medical, Surgical, and Cosmetic Treatments, 2nd Edition. CRC Press. pp. 207–. ISBN978-ane-351-16982-0.
17. ^ "IARC working grouping on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans: occupational exposures of hairdressers and barbers and personal use of hair colorants; some hair dyes, cosmetic colorants, industrial dyestuffs and aromatic amines. Proceedings. Lyon, France, 6-13 October 1992". IARC Monogr Eval Carcinog Risks Hum. 57: 7–398. 1993. PMC7681392. PMID 7911535.
18. ^ IARC Monographs Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to, Humans (2010). "Some aromatic amines, organic dyes, and related exposures". IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans / World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer. 99: 1–658. PMC5046080. PMID 21528837.
19. ^ Thyssen, Jacob P.; Søsted, Heidi; Uter, Wolfgang; Schnuch, Axel; Giménez-Arnau, Ana M.; Vigan, Martine; Rustemeyer, Thomas; Granum, Berit; McFadden, John; White, Jonathan M.; White, Ian R.; Goossens, Ann; Menné, Torkil; Lidén, Carola; Johansen, Jeanne D. (2012). "Self-testing for contact sensitization to hair dyes - scientific considerations and clinical concerns of an industry-led screening plan". Contact Dermatitis. 66 (half-dozen): 300–311. doi:x.1111/j.1600-0536.2012.02078.x. PMID 22568836. S2CID 10022501.
20. ^ Alexandra Tunell, How to Get Hair Dye off Your Skin, Harper's Boutique, Oct 2, 2016
21. ^ "Household Products Database - Health and Safety Information on Household Products". hpd.nlm.nih.gov. Archived from the original on 2017-01-08. Retrieved 2017-02-12 .
22. ^ Riaz, Almas (29 May 2016). "Shampoo for color treated pilus". Melody Your Hair. The Pilus Laboratory. Retrieved 12 Feb 2017.
23. ^ Tukker, Arnold; Buijst, Harrie; Van Oers, Lauren; Van Der Voet, Ester (2001). "Risks to Health and the Environs Related to the Use of Lead in Products" (PDF).
24. ^ Lamb, James (February 1997). "Reproductive toxicology. Lead acetate trihydrate". Environ Health Perspect. 105: 315–316. doi:10.2307/3433461. JSTOR 3433461. PMC1470238. PMID 9114341.
25. ^ "Does hair dye crusade cancer?". Cancer Inquiry UK. xx July 2006. Archived from the original on 20 September 2007. Retrieved 29 July 2007.
26. ^ DeNoon, Daniel J. (Jan 26, 2004). "Pilus Dye Linked to Claret Cancer: Long-Term Apply of Dark, Permanent Dye May Heighten Lymphoma Gamble". Web Dr.. Retrieved 2007-07-29 .
27. ^ ^{a b} Hair Dye Linked to Claret Cancer. Webmd.com. Retrieved on 2010-12-21.
28. ^ Hair Dyes and Cancer Risk – National Cancer Institute. Cancer.gov (2009-10-09). Retrieved on 2010-12-21.
29. ^ "Product Safety Summary Sheet DuPont™ P-Phenylenediamine. Rep. no. 106-fifty-iii. Due north.p.: northward.p., 2012".
30. ^ Gera, R.; Mokbel, R.; Igor, I.; Mokbel, K. (2018). "Does the Use of Pilus Dyes Increment the Chance of Developing Breast Cancer? A Meta-assay and Review of the Literature". Anticancer Enquiry. 38 (2): 707–716. doi:10.21873/anticanres.12276. PMID 29374694.
31. ^ Alexander Chan, Sean Kung, (September, 2006), "Hair Colorant Technology Advances Farther", Personal Intendance, p. xi-16
32. ^ Farooque, Sannia; Rose, Paul M.; Benohoud, Meryem; Blackburn, Richard S.; Rayner, Christopher M. (2018). "Enhancing the Potential Exploitation of Food Waste: Extraction, Purification, and Label of Renewable Specialty Chemicals from Blackcurrants (Ribes nigrum L.)" (PDF). J. Agric. Food Chem. 66 (46): 12265–12273. doi:10.1021/acs.jafc.8b04373. PMID 30412401.
33. ^ Rose, Paul M.; Cantrill, Victoria; Benohoud, Meryem; Tidder, Alenka; Rayner, Christopher M.; Blackburn, Richard Southward. (2018). "Application of Anthocyanins from Blackcurrant (Ribes nigrum L.) Fruit Waste as Renewable Pilus Dyes" (PDF). J. Agric. Food Chem. 66 (26): 6790–6798. doi:ten.1021/acs.jafc.8b01044. PMID 29808681.
34. ^ Maiti, Swati; Sinha, Sudarson; Singh, Mukesh (2015). "Hair Dye–Deoxyribonucleic acid Interaction: Plausible Cause of Mutation". Cosmetics. 2 (iv): 313–321. doi:10.3390/cosmetics2040313.
35. ^ "Commission implementing Directive 2012/21/Eu", Official Journal of the European Union, 2 August 2012, Retrieved vii April 2015
36. ^ al-Qaraḍāwī, Yūsuf (30 January 1999). The lawful and the prohibited in Islam : al-Halal wal-haram fil Islam. American Trust Publications. p. 93. ISBN9780892590162.

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hair_coloring

Posted by: bootheequirt1951.blogspot.com

Share this post